「社会学」に関する英検１級に出そうな長文対策用パッセジ ～「目安の時間」を参考に、精読する練習をしてみましょう！
Passage①（目安：３分）
In the field of sociology, the hallmark of progress is the ability to challenge and redefine societal norms. Societies, both ancient and modern, have long been bound by the shackles of tradition and rigid expectations. However, many social movements aim to throw off these restrictions and defy established conventions. These movements often begin with a manifesto, a written declaration outlining their goals and ideals, which seeks to inspire others to join in the cause.
Sociologists delve into the complexities of these transformations, exploring how individuals and groups seek to overcome social automatism—the unconscious repetition of habitual behaviors—and pursue conscious change. In this endeavor, understanding the role of culture and structure is integral. Cultural norms and institutional constraints shape human behavior, but individuals often find ways to navigate or resist these pressures.
The passage of time allows researchers to observe how societies evolve, and some movements that once struggled against the status quo may eventually eclipse the very traditions they sought to replace. Nevertheless, certain activists may choose to abstain from direct confrontation, instead opting for more gradual forms of resistance, believing that small changes can accumulate over time to reshape society.
Through careful study, sociology illuminates the forces that drive social change, helping us understand how collective action can transcend limitations and foster progress.
Vocabulary:
- Hallmark
- 英訳 (English translation): A distinctive feature, especially one indicating high quality or typical of a certain characteristic
- 和訳 (Japanese translation): 特徴、際立った印
- 類義語 (Synonyms): symbol, signature, trait
- Shackles
- 英訳: Physical or metaphorical restraints that limit freedom or progress
- 和訳: 束縛、足枷
- 類義語: chains, fetters, restraints
- Throw Off
- 英訳: To free oneself from something, especially a restriction or burden
- 和訳: （束縛や重荷を）振り払う、脱却する
- 類義語: break free, cast off, liberate
- Defy
- 英訳: To openly resist or refuse to obey
- 和訳: 逆らう、拒否する
- 類義語: resist, challenge, oppose
- Manifesto
- 英訳: A written statement declaring the intentions, motives, or views of an individual or group
- 和訳: 宣言書、マニフェスト
- 類義語: proclamation, declaration, statement of principles
- Delve Into
- 英訳: To investigate deeply or thoroughly
- 和訳: 掘り下げて調査する、深く探求する
- 類義語: explore, investigate, examine
- Automatism
- 英訳: Actions performed unconsciously or without deliberate thought, often habitual
- 和訳: 無意識行動、オートマティズム
- 類義語: mechanical behavior, automatic response, habitual action
- Endeavor
- 英訳: A serious attempt or effort
- 和訳: 努力、試み
- 類義語: effort, attempt, pursuit
- Integral
- 英訳: Essential or necessary for completeness
- 和訳: 不可欠な、重要な
- 類義語: essential, fundamental, critical
- Constraints
- 英訳: Limitations or restrictions
- 和訳: 制約、束縛
- 類義語: limitations, restrictions, boundaries
- Passage
- 英訳: The act of moving from one place, condition, or time to another
- 和訳: 通過、経過
- 類義語: transition, movement, progression
- Abstain From
- 英訳: To choose not to do or have something
- 和訳: 〜を控える、避ける
- 類義語: refrain from, avoid, withhold
- Eclipse
- 英訳: To surpass or overshadow
- 和訳: 〜を凌駕する、覆い隠す
- 類義語: overshadow, surpass, outshine
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Passage②（目安：２分）
The underpinning of many social theories is the belief that societal progress depends on the actions of both individuals and institutions. Barring any major shifts in economic policy, however, the gap between the rich and poor will likely persist. Some reforms may seem promising at first, but they often turn out to be just a drop in the bucket, unable to address the deeper structural issues that come after years of inequality.
Unfortunately, social welfare programs often take a backseat to other political priorities, and when policy changes don’t pan out, opportunities to improve societal well-being are squandered. Many communities are left to relinquish their hopes for upward mobility, as failed policies can impoverish large segments of the population.
Every political misstep has consequences, and while some efforts are made to mitigate these negative effects, they often fail to fully negate the harm caused. This raises thought-provoking questions about how governments should prioritize and implement reforms, ensuring that progress is sustained rather than lost in the face of mismanagement.
UnsplashのPriscilla Du Preez 🇨🇦が撮影した写真
Vocabulary:
- Underpinning
- 英訳 (English translation): The foundation or basis of something
- 和訳 (Japanese translation): 基盤、土台
- 類義語 (Synonyms): foundation, basis, support
- Barring
- 英訳: Except for, unless something happens
- 和訳: 〜がなければ、〜を除いて
- 類義語: except for, excluding, unless
- Drop in the Bucket
- 英訳: A very small, insignificant amount compared to what is needed
- 和訳: ほんのわずかなもの、微々たるもの
- 類義語: small contribution, insignificant amount, minor part
- Come After
- 英訳: To follow or succeed in time
- 和訳: 〜の後に来る
- 類義語: follow, succeed, pursue
- Take a Backseat
- 英訳: To be less important or to play a secondary role
- 和訳: 二の次になる、後回しになる
- 類義語: be secondary, play a minor role, take second place
- Pan Out
- 英訳: To turn out or result in a particular way
- 和訳: （計画などが）うまくいく、展開する
- 類義語: turn out, work out, unfold
- Squander
- 英訳: To waste something, especially money or time
- 和訳: 無駄にする、浪費する
- 類義語: waste, misuse, fritter away
- Relinquish
- 英訳: To give up or surrender something
- 和訳: 放棄する、手放す
- 類義語: give up, surrender, let go of
- Impoverish
- 英訳: To make someone poor or to weaken something severely
- 和訳: 貧しくする、衰弱させる
- 類義語: bankrupt, weaken, deplete
- Misstep
- 英訳: A mistake or error in judgment
- 和訳: 誤り、失敗
- 類義語: mistake, blunder, slip
- Mitigate
- 英訳: To reduce the severity or seriousness of something
- 和訳: 和らげる、軽減する
- 類義語: alleviate, lessen, reduce
- Negate
- 英訳: To cancel out or make ineffective
- 和訳: 否定する、無効にする
- 類義語: nullify, invalidate, cancel out
- Thought-Provoking
- 英訳: Stimulating careful consideration or discussion
- 和訳: 考えさせられる、示唆に富む
- 類義語: stimulating, reflective, insightful
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Passage③（目安：２分）
In recent years, critics have begun to denounce what they see as the degeneration of art and culture in modern society. Many argue that there has been a gradual dumbing down of creative expression, where art is stripped of depth and meaning, replaced by gratuitous displays of shock value aimed more at grabbing attention than at fostering intellectual engagement. This trend reflects a downward shift in cultural standards, where mass appeal is prioritized over artistic integrity.
The rise of social media and digital platforms has allowed content to come into the public consciousness more quickly than ever before. While some artists prosper in this environment, gaining fame and recognition, others lament that superficial and fleeting trends pervade the cultural landscape. As a result, truly thought-provoking works often fade into obscurity, overshadowed by viral sensations and easily digestible content.
Ultimately, many fear that we are utterly losing the ability to appreciate art that challenges the mind, as the pressure to create for mass consumption continues to undermine the quality and value of cultural production. UnsplashのKhara Woodsが撮影した写真
Vocabulary:
- Denounce
- 英訳 (English translation): To publicly condemn or criticize
- 和訳 (Japanese translation): 公然と非難する
- 類義語 (Synonyms): criticize, condemn, decry
- Degeneration
- 英訳: The process of decline or deterioration
- 和訳: 劣化、退化
- 類義語: decline, decay, deterioration
- Dumbing Down
- 英訳: The process of making something simpler and less intellectually challenging
- 和訳: 知的水準の低下
- 類義語: simplification, trivialization, oversimplification
- Gratuitous
- 英訳: Unnecessary or unwarranted, often in a negative sense
- 和訳: 不必要な、無意味な
- 類義語: unnecessary, uncalled for, unwarranted
- Downward
- 英訳: Moving toward a lower or worse condition
- 和訳: 下降の、悪化している
- 類義語: declining, worsening, falling
- Come Into
- 英訳: To enter or gain attention in a particular situation
- 和訳: 入る、注目を浴びる
- 類義語: enter, appear, emerge
- Prosper
- 英訳: To succeed or thrive, especially in a material or financial sense
- 和訳: 繁栄する、成功する
- 類義語: thrive, flourish, succeed
- Pervade
- 英訳: To spread throughout or be present everywhere
- 和訳: 行き渡る、浸透する
- 類義語: permeate, infiltrate, saturate
- Obscurity
- 英訳: The state of being unknown or forgotten
- 和訳: 無名、忘れられた状態
- 類義語: anonymity, insignificance, unknown
- Utterly
- 英訳: Completely or absolutely
- 和訳: 全く、完全に
- 類義語: totally, entirely, completely
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Passage④（目安：２分）
As the political landscape begins to transition ahead of the national elections, an ominous atmosphere seems to hang over the country. Many voters feel an increasing sense of dread, fearing that the upcoming election could bring about sudden and dramatic changes, as though a political detonation is on the horizon. Political campaigns have begun to disparage one another, using smear tactics to weaken opponents’ credibility.
In an effort to win, some candidates invoke populist sentiments, appealing to the fears and frustrations of the electorate. Unfortunately, it’s not uncommon for underhand tactics to be employed during these campaigns, whether through spreading misinformation or using personal attacks to gain an advantage.
One candidate, in particular, finds themselves trailing in the polls, having recently experienced a dip in voter support. However, they are now starting to ramp up their campaign efforts, and as a result, their numbers are beginning to creep up. Despite the public’s fatigue with these divisive strategies, the race remains close, with the outcome uncertain.
Vocabulary:
- Transition
- 英訳 (English translation): The process of change from one state or condition to another
- 和訳 (Japanese translation): 移行、変化
- 類義語 (Synonyms): shift, changeover, transformation
- Ominous
- 英訳: Giving the impression that something bad or unpleasant is going to happen
- 和訳: 不吉な、悪い予感のする
- 類義語: threatening, foreboding, sinister
- Detonation
- 英訳: The act of causing an explosion, often metaphorically used for a sudden or powerful event
- 和訳: 爆発、突発的な出来事
- 類義語: explosion, blast, eruption
- Disparage
- 英訳: To belittle or criticize someone in a derogatory manner
- 和訳: けなす、軽蔑する
- 類義語: belittle, denigrate, mock
- Dread
- 英訳: To anticipate with fear or anxiety
- 和訳: 恐れる、不安に感じる
- 類義語: fear, worry, apprehension
- Invoke
- 英訳: To call upon a higher power, emotion, or idea for support or inspiration
- 和訳: 呼び起こす、祈願する
- 類義語: call upon, appeal to, cite
- Underhand Tactics
- 英訳: Deceptive or dishonest methods used to achieve a goal
- 和訳: 不正な手段、卑劣な戦術
- 類義語: dirty tricks, devious methods, sneaky tactics
- Trail
- 英訳: To be behind in a competition or contest
- 和訳: 〜に遅れをとる、後れを取る
- 類義語: lag, follow, be behind
- Creep Up
- 英訳: To increase or approach gradually
- 和訳: 徐々に近づく、少しずつ増える
- 類義語: approach, rise slowly, edge closer
- Experience a Dip
- 英訳: To undergo a temporary decline or decrease
- 和訳: 一時的に低下する、落ち込む
- 類義語: decline, fall, drop
- Ramp Up
- 英訳: To increase or intensify efforts or activities
- 和訳: 活動や努力を強化する、増加させる
- 類義語: increase, intensify, boost
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Passage⑤（目安：２分）
In many early agricultural societies, the concept of private property was nearly alien. Instead, these communities operated on principles similar to communisms, where resources were shared and individual accumulation was discouraged. People lived in a hand to mouth existence, relying on their immediate environment to forage for food and materials. There was an implicit understanding that survival depended on collaboration, and hoarding resources was considered a threat to the community’s well-being.
However, as societies grew and developed trade, some began to repudiate these collective principles, adopting systems that promoted individual wealth accumulation. The foremost goal shifted from communal survival to personal prosperity, often at the expense of shared resources. What was once a necessary part of life became extraneous, as people no longer needed to work together to ensure their basic needs were met. UnsplashのVizag Exploreが撮影した写真
Vocabulary:
- Communisms
- 英訳 (English translation): A social system where all property is owned by the community, and each person contributes and receives according to their needs
- 和訳 (Japanese translation): 共産主義、共有財産制
- 類義語 (Synonyms): collectivism, socialism, communalism
- Hand to Mouth
- 英訳: Living in a way that provides just enough for immediate needs, with no savings or surplus
- 和訳: その日暮らし
- 類義語: subsistence, day-to-day living, precarious
- Implicit
- 英訳: Suggested without being directly expressed
- 和訳: 暗黙の、間接的な
- 類義語: implied, unspoken, indirect
- Alien
- 英訳: Something foreign or unfamiliar
- 和訳: 異質な、馴染みのない
- 類義語: foreign, unfamiliar, strange
- Repudiate
- 英訳: To reject or disown something
- 和訳: 拒絶する、否認する
- 類義語: reject, renounce, disavow
- Foremost
- 英訳: The most important or prominent
- 和訳: 最も重要な、第一の
- 類義語: leading, principal, primary
- Forage
- 英訳: To search widely for food or provisions
- 和訳: 探し回る、食料を求める
- 類義語: search, hunt, scavenge
- Hoard
- 英訳: To accumulate and store away a large quantity of something, often unnecessarily
- 和訳: ため込む、蓄える
- 類義語: stockpile, amass, collect
- Extraneous
- 英訳: Unrelated or irrelevant to the subject being dealt with
- 和訳: 無関係な、不要な
- 類義語: irrelevant, unnecessary, superfluous
⇒語彙力アップの近道の記事はこちら
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Passage⑥（目安：３分）
During the British Industrial Revolution, the rapid urbanization and mechanization of industries impoverished many of the peasant class, who had previously relied on subsistence farming in rural areas. As factories sprang up, the population in urban districts surged, and the demand for labor spiked. While some experienced upward mobility, moving from rural poverty to steady factory work, the majority faced horrendous working conditions.
Factory labor was strenuous, with workers enduring long hours in dangerous environments, and this crippled the health of many. Entire families, including children, toiled for survival in oppressive environments, which contrasted sharply with the luxury of the nobility who controlled much of the industry. Many of these impoverished workers lived in parishes where poor relief programs were minimal or nonexistent.
Those in the prime of their working lives were often forced into harsh labor, and injuries from factory work left many unable to provide for their families. The appalling living conditions in overcrowded slums led to frequent spikes in disease, while the oppressive societal structure kept the poor trapped in poverty. Efforts to alleviate the suffering were often fragmented, and the gap between the wealthy elite and the destitute masses grew wider, leading to unrest among the working class.
UnsplashのPatrick Robert Doyleが撮影した写真
Vocabulary:
- Impoverish
- 英訳 (English translation): To make someone poor or diminish their resources
- 和訳 (Japanese translation): 貧困にする、困窮させる
- 類義語 (Synonyms): bankrupt, deplete, weaken
- Peasant
- 英訳: A poor farmer of low social status who works land owned by others
- 和訳: 農民、小作農
- 類義語: serf, farmer, laborer
- Spike
- 英訳: A sharp increase in something
- 和訳: 急増する
- 類義語: surge, jump, increase
- Cripple
- 英訳: To severely damage or impair something, often in a way that limits movement or progress
- 和訳: 無力にする、機能を失わせる
- 類義語: disable, paralyze, weaken
- Nobility
- 英訳: The class of people with hereditary titles or high social status
- 和訳: 貴族、上流階級
- 類義語: aristocracy, elite, gentry
- District
- 英訳: A specific area or region, often with distinct boundaries
- 和訳: 地区、地域
- 類義語: region, area, zone
- Parish
- 英訳: A local church community or administrative division in some countries
- 和訳: 教区、地域行政区
- 類義語: congregation, district, community
- In the Prime of
- 英訳: At the peak or best stage of something, typically one’s life or abilities
- 和訳: 最盛期に、全盛期に
- 類義語: at the height of, in the best part of, flourishing
- Mobility
- 英訳: The ability to move or advance in society, often economically or socially
- 和訳: 移動、社会的上昇
- 類義語: movement, advancement, flexibility
- Horrendous
- 英訳: Extremely bad or unpleasant
- 和訳: 恐ろしい、ひどい
- 類義語: terrible, shocking, dreadful
- Strenuous
- 英訳: Requiring great effort or exertion
- 和訳: 骨の折れる、きつい
- 類義語: demanding, exhausting, laborious
- Appalling
- 英訳: Shocking in a bad way; horrifying
- 和訳: ぞっとするような、ひどい
- 類義語: dreadful, horrifying, terrible
- Oppressive
- 英訳: Inflicting hardship or harsh treatment, often in an unfair way
- 和訳: 抑圧的な、過酷な
- 類義語: tyrannical, harsh, unjust
⇒語彙力アップの近道の記事はこちら
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Passage⑦（目安：４分）
Throughout American history, the relationship between creditors and debtors has been a contentious one, shaping much of the country’s economic landscape. In the early days of the republic, many farmers and small business owners found themselves at the mercy of wealthy lenders. These creditors, often wielding significant power, could impose harsh terms, leaving borrowers vulnerable. Many viewed this system as malicious, feeling that it allowed the wealthy to trample on the rights of the less fortunate.
One significant turning point came in the 19th century, when a series of legal battles sought to overturn the debtor laws that had protected lenders at the expense of the common people. Debtors called for the repeal of laws that favored the rich and demanded more recourse in the courts. They believed that lenders had effectively usurped the government’s role in protecting citizens, using legal loopholes to gain unfair control over land and assets.
In response to these growing tensions, the government began to enact new laws that offered protections to debtors. For instance, bankruptcy laws provided an exemption from certain debts, allowing individuals to regain their financial footing rather than being permanently crippled by insurmountable obligations. These reforms were intended to spur economic activity by giving people a second chance to participate in the economy, rather than being permanently sidelined.
However, some critics argued that these new laws were merely antiquated attempts to solve a modern problem. They believed the system needed further reform to address the complexities of contemporary financial markets. Still, the legal precedents set during this era continue to influence how debt and credit are managed in the U.S. today, shaping a system that balances the interests of creditors and debtors, though not without occasional conflict.
Vocabulary:
- Creditor
- 英訳 (English translation): A person or institution to whom money is owed
- 和訳 (Japanese translation): 債権者、貸し主
- 類義語 (Synonyms): lender, financier, loaner
- Malicious
- 英訳: Having the intention to harm or cause suffering
- 和訳: 悪意のある、害意のある
- 類義語: spiteful, malevolent, vindictive
- Trample on
- 英訳: To treat someone or something with disrespect, disregarding their rights
- 和訳: 踏みにじる、無視する
- 類義語: disrespect, disregard, crush
- Overturn
- 英訳: To reverse or abolish a decision, law, or ruling
- 和訳: 覆す、ひっくり返す
- 類義語: reverse, abolish, annul
- Repeal
- 英訳: To officially revoke or annul a law or legislative act
- 和訳: 廃止する、撤廃する
- 類義語: abolish, revoke, annul
- Recourse
- 英訳: The use of a legal option or action in order to resolve a problem or gain protection
- 和訳: 依頼、頼ること、法的手段
- 類義語: option, alternative, resort
- Usurp
- 英訳: To take a position of power or importance illegally or by force
- 和訳: 奪う、強奪する
- 類義語: seize, commandeer, appropriate
- Enact
- 英訳: To make a law or official regulation
- 和訳: 制定する、法律化する
- 類義語: legislate, establish, pass
- Exemption
- 英訳: The process of freeing someone or something from an obligation or liability
- 和訳: 免除、適用除外
- 類義語: exclusion, immunity, exception
- Spur
- 英訳: To encourage or stimulate action
- 和訳: 駆り立てる、促進する
- 類義語: encourage, stimulate, motivate
- Antiquate
- 英訳: To make something obsolete or out-of-date
- 和訳: 古くする、時代遅れにする
- 類義語: outdate, obsolete, supersede
⇒語彙力アップの近道の記事はこちら
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Passage⑧（目安：４分）
The history of segregation in American education is a deeply troubling chapter in the nation’s past, where racial disparities were not only tolerated but institutionalized. For decades, African American children were forced to attend separate schools that were vastly inferior to those provided to their white counterparts. These appalling conditions were a direct result of the “separate but equal” doctrine, which justified racial separation as long as facilities were claimed to be equivalent. However, the reality was that the schools for African American students lacked adequate resources, facilities, and opportunities.
A turning point came with the landmark case Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, where families and civil rights groups initiated litigation to challenge this injustice. The court’s verdict was a watershed moment in American history, as the Supreme Court ruled that segregating public schools was inherently unequal and violated the 14th Amendment. This decision helped dismantle the legal framework supporting segregation, although many school districts resisted the change for years to come.
Despite the ruling, quantitative measures revealed persistent racial disparities in education, such as unequal funding, lower graduation rates, and fewer academic resources in schools primarily attended by minority students. These inequalities led to further court cases and ongoing efforts to address the systemic problems within the education system. Even today, the legacy of segregation lingers, as racial and socioeconomic divisions continue to affect educational outcomes in the United States.
Vocabulary:
- Segregation
- 英訳 (English translation): The enforced separation of different racial groups in a country, community, or institution
- 和訳 (Japanese translation): 人種隔離
- 類義語 (Synonyms): separation, division, discrimination
- Verdict
- 英訳: A decision or judgment, especially one made by a jury in a court of law
- 和訳: 評決、判決
- 類義語: judgment, decision, ruling
- Appalling
- 英訳: Causing shock or dismay; very bad
- 和訳: ひどい、ぞっとするような
- 類義語: shocking, dreadful, horrific
- Litigation
- 英訳: The process of taking legal action or resolving disputes in court
- 和訳: 訴訟、裁判
- 類義語: lawsuit, legal action, court case
- Disparities
- 英訳: A great difference or inequality between two or more things
- 和訳: 格差、不均衡
- 類義語: inequalities, differences, imbalances
- Quantitative
- 英訳: Relating to, or involving the measurement of quantity or amount
- 和訳: 定量的な、数量に関する
- 類義語: numerical, measurable, statistical
⇒語彙力アップの近道の記事はこちら
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Passage⑧（目安：５分）
The Reid technique, a widely used method of interrogation in the United States, has played a pivotal role in extracting confessions from suspects over the past several decades. While composed of strategies that seek to psychologically persuade individuals to admit guilt, the method has been the subject of intense scrutiny, particularly in relation to false confessions and wrongful incarceration. The technique operates on the principle that it’s permissible to use certain psychological pressures to elicit confessions, but critics argue that these tactics can sometimes lead innocent people to stumble into admitting to crimes they didn’t commit.
In numerous cases, suspects have been interrogated until they are painstakingly broken down, leading them to make confessions that were later proven to be false. Such situations are especially problematic when the confessions are given under intense pressure without the presence of a lawyer. As a result, many individuals have been incarcerated based on faulty confessions, only to be exonerated years later when new evidence—such as DNA—comes to light.
One of the key issues with the Reid technique is that it can create a cascade of psychological effects, where the suspect, isolated and under pressure, starts to believe that confessing is the only way out of their situation. In cases that are later overturned, it is clear that these confessions were not composed of facts but rather built on the stress and confusion experienced by the suspect. Legal teams have elaborated on how these methods often lead to false confessions, particularly among vulnerable populations, such as juveniles or those with intellectual disabilities.
As criminal justice reform efforts continue, the interrogation process has become a focal point for debate. Many experts argue that reforms must be made to ensure that suspects’ rights are protected and that confessions obtained are reliable and free from coercion. While the Reid technique has its defenders, there is a growing call to painstakingly re-examine its role in the legal system to prevent further wrongful incarceration and to ensure that justice is served fairly.
Vocabulary:
- Reid technique
- 英訳 (English translation): A method of interrogation designed to elicit confessions
- 和訳 (Japanese translation): リード技法（自白を引き出すための尋問手法）
- 類義語 (Synonyms): interrogation method, questioning technique
- Interrogation
- 英訳: The act of questioning someone closely or aggressively
- 和訳: 尋問、取り調べ
- 類義語: questioning, inquiry, cross-examination
- Incarceration
- 英訳: The state of being confined in prison
- 和訳: 投獄、収監
- 類義語: imprisonment, detention, confinement
- Stumble
- 英訳: To make a mistake or trip, figuratively or literally
- 和訳: つまずく、誤りを犯す
- 類義語: falter, slip, trip
- Composed
- 英訳: Made up of; calm and controlled
- 和訳: ～から成る、落ち着いた
- 類義語: made up, formed, constructed
- Permissible
- 英訳: Allowed or permitted by law or rules
- 和訳: 許容される
- 類義語: allowable, acceptable, legal
- Exonerate
- 英訳: To clear from blame or responsibility
- 和訳: 無罪とする、免除する
- 類義語: absolve, acquit, vindicate
- Painstakingly
- 英訳: With great care and thoroughness
- 和訳: 丹念に、徹底的に
- 類義語: meticulously, carefully, thoroughly
- Elaborated
- 英訳: Developed or explained in detail
- 和訳: 詳しく説明された、詳細に述べた
- 類義語: detailed, expanded, clarified
- Cascade
- 英訳: A series of events, one leading to another
- 和訳: 連鎖、滝のように流れる
- 類義語: chain reaction, sequence, flow
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